ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Introduction

The endocrine system is composed of a number of _________________ glands (and some patches of cells) which produce and secrete ______________________ directly into the _________________. These hormones then travel to distant cells or glands (called "_______________" cells or glands) where they exert their effects.

the ultimate purpose of hormones (like nervous impulses) is to maintain ____________________

four major ________________ of hormones are recognized (the text refers to two categories: ________________ and _______________________

Exocrine Glands

not part of endocrine system

glands that have _______________ (tubes) through which contents are emptied either out of the body (eg. ___________________ glands releasing milk, ____________________ glands releasing sweat) or into the digestive tract (eg. ____________________ glands, liver, pancreas, etc.)

Endocrine Glands

glands that do not have _______________

contents (____________________) released from cells directly into the bloodstream

examples: __________________ gland, ____________________ gland (see Fig. on pg. 615)

Four Major Classes of Hormones

Modified Amino Acids

adrenalin (_______________________), noradrenalin (________________________), thyroxin (____________________ hormone), etc.

synthesized from single _____________ _________________

Proteins/Peptides

insulin, ___________________, etc.

synthesized from chains of _____________ _________________

Steroids

testosterone, ___________________, etc.

synthesized from _______________________

Prostaglandins

prostaglandin E1, E2, etc.

synthesized from ____________ ___________________

Mode of Action of Hormones

Steroids (Fig. 37.3, pg. 616)

steroid hormones are ________________-soluble
diffuse easily through cell membrane to combine with ___________________ in the cytoplasm or nucleus to produce a __________________-____________________ complex
this then interacts with DNA and inceases steps of "__________________ synthesis" (called transcription and translation) leading to production of ________________________
often the proteins produced are ____________________ or structural materials like __________________
draw diagram in notes

Proteins/Peptides (Fig. 37.4, pg. 617)

_____________________ are on the surface of the cell membrane since these hormones are not _____________-soluble so they can't pass through the membrane
binding of the hormone to receptor activates an enzyme called _______________ __________________ which causes the production of many cAMP (________________ AMP) molecules
cAMP is called a "____________________ _____________________" because it then activates inactive enzymes in the cytoplasm (the hormone is the "primary messenger")
draw diagram in notes