Thyroid Gland

1. T3 (______________________________) and T4 (_________________________________)


• target = ________________________________


• stimulates ______________________________


• increases body _________________ and ______________________ consumption


• works in association with ___________ (ie. GH)


2. Calcitonin


• target = __________________________


• decreases ________________________ in blood (excess is absorbed by bones)


• works antagonistically to _______________________________

Parathyroid Glands

1. Parathormone (____________) released from 4 small glands on back of thyroid gland


• target = _________________ and __________________


• increases ______________________ in blood by stimulating release from ______________

Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)

1. Insulin


• produced by ___________ cells


• target = ___________________ and ___________________


• ____________________ blood sugar levels (reduces hyper_________________)


• increases __________________ storage in liver and muscle


• promotes synthesis of proteins and fats


• antagonistic to _________________________


2. Glucagon


• produced by ___________ cells


• target = ___________________ and ___________________


• ____________________ blood sugar levels (reduces hypo_________________)


• stimulates ___________________ breakdown (to release glucose)


• antagonistic to _________________________


3. Somatostatin


• produced by ___________ cells


• target = __________________________________ (moderates them)


• stimulates _______________________ metabolism (helps control digestion)

Pineal Gland

1. Melatonin


• target = _________________


• controls ____________________ cycles and involved in biorhythms


• this gland is ____________sensitive and as a result, melatonin is secreted in the _________________ of light promoting ___________________

Thymus Gland

1. Thymosin


• target = _________________


• stimulates the _________________ system

Adrenal Glands

2 major regions of the adrenal release hormones. The adrenal cortex (outer portion) and adrenal medulla (inner portion)

1. Glucocorticoids (eg. Cortisol)


• produced by adrenal ________________


• target = ________________ cells


• increases blood ________________ levels


• decreases _______________________ response


2. Mineralocorticoids (eg. Aldosterone)


• produced by adrenal ________________


• target = ________________


• promotes _________ reabsorption (so not excreted in urine)


• if Na+ or B.P. decreases, aldosterone is released to make blood more __________tonic


3. Adrenalin


• also called ____________________________


• produced by adrenal _____________________


• release is stimulated by _____________________ nervous system (autonomic division)


• target = ___________________, ___________________ and ______________________


• ____________________ blood sugar levels


• increases _________________ rate


4. Noradrenalin


• also called ____________________________


• produced by adrenal ____________________________


• release is stimulated by _____________________ nervous system (autonomic division)


• target = muscles of __________________________


• controls ______________________ and ____________________ of blood vessels

Ovaries

1. Estrogen


• produced by developing ________________


• causes development of secondary ____________ characteristics (ie. pubic hair, breast enlargement, etc.) and development of _____________ in follicle


• also causes thickening of ________________ lining


2. Progesterone


• produced by _______________ ____________________ (ruptured follicle after ovulation)


• causes development of __________________ lining and breast enlargement

Testes

1. Androgens (ie. testosterone)


• produced by ______________ cells outside of __________________________ tubules


• stimulates ___________________________ (sperm development) and male secondary __________ characteristics (pubic and facial hair, muscle mass)

Heart

1. Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH)


• produced by ____________ of heart


• target = ____________________


• increases ___________________ excretion in urine (therefore antagonistic to ____________________)


• lowers __________

Liver

1. Somatomedin


• target = _____________ cells


• together with STH, stimulates overall growth and development (therefore _______________ to STH, ie. same function)

Kidneys

1. Renin


• acts on proteins in blood to produce __________________________ (which helps control ____________)


2. Erythropoietin


• target = __________________________


• increases __________________________ (RBC) production (more O2 can be carried therefore more cell resp. and energy to body)
• released at high ____________________ or greater need for RBC's

Gastrointestinal Tract

1. Gastrin and Secretin


• target = stomach and pancreas


• stimulates release of digestive enzymes and activity of digestive organs