Use the Nelson text, "Biology 11", pp. 32-36 to complete the blanks.
Living things are made of nonliving chemicals such as ________________, __________________, _______________ (fats), ______________ acids, ___________________ and _____________________. All of the ___________________ (proteins, ___________________, lipids, and ________________ acids) are primarily made of __________________, __________________, _______________, and sometimes ____________________.
Mitochondria use ______________________ to break the bonds in ___________________ molecules yielding useable _______________, _________________ ____________________, and water. The carbon dioxide and water released from cells are utilized by ____________________ and _____________________.
Use Fig. 1 (pg. 32) for next paragraph
(1) Vitamins and Minerals: help in chemical ______________________ and are often found in complex __________________.
(2) Fats or Lipids: ___________________ storage compound; structural components of cell _________________.
(3) Nucleic Acids: _____________________ material regulating cell ________________; composed of _______________, ____________________, and nitrogenous ________________.
(4) Proteins: ___________________ components of the cell; composed of _________________ _______________.
(5) Carbohydrates: primary _____________ source; structural material of plant _________ _______________.
The foods you eat can be classified into three major groups of ________________________: ____________________, ____________________, and ______________. Vitamins and ____________________ are also required but in much ____________________ amounts.
* CARBOHYDRATES *
These are the most important source of __________________ and can be quickly utilized. Our source of carbohydrates is ________________ (ie. bread, ___________________, ___________________, etc.).
Simple sugars are called _________________________. The term ___________________ is Greek for sugar. A monosaccharide can exist in the form of a _____________________ chain or a _____________. It usually contains _________________, _________________, and _______________ in the ratio 1:2:1. ____________________, the most common single sugar, has the formula ____________________. Glucose is found in all the ________________ of your body. ____________________, another single sugar is found in fruits. Galactose is one of the sugars found in _________________. ________________________ is a single sugar found in DNA. The name of a sugar ends in "_____".
Draw Fig. 2 on pg. 35 (ring and chain form for glucose and fructose)
More complex sugars are combinations of __________________ sugars. Sugars made up of _________ sugar molecules are called _________________________. All are formed by a process called _______________________ ______________________ (Fig. 3). A ____________________ group (-OH) is removed from one ________________________ and a ___________________ (-H) atom is removed from a second ______________________________. These form the _____________________ molecule that is extracted from the two monosaccharides, enabling them to ____________ together.
Draw Fig. 3 on pg. 35 (formation of disaccharide by dehydration synthesis)
_____________________, a malt sugar used in making beer, is a __________________________ composed of two ______________ molecules. _____________________, the most common sugar in milk is composed of ___________________ and _____________________. ________________________, or table sugar, is composed of ____________________ and _____________________.
Starch (a combination of two polysaccharides called __________________ and __________________________) is a large carbohydrate composed of many _________________ molecules linked to form long, branching _________________. Thus, it is referred to as a ___________________________. Some starches contain between __________________________ and _________________________ glucose molecules. Plants store excess sugar as _____________________ in roots and stems. When a plant needs energy, the ________________________ are broken down into single __________________ molecules.
_______________________, a component of cell walls, is also a polysaccharide composed of many ____________________ units. (Look at Fig. 5, pg. 36, and see how the bonds between each pair of glucose molecules alternate, up then down. Compare that with amylose and glycogen in which the bonds are always pointing down. Because of this feature, cellulose cannot be broken down by humans!).
Animals store carbohydrates in the form of a polysaccharide called ___________________ which resembles starch except for slight differences in its chain ________________________. Excess sugars carried by blood are linked together to form ___________________ which is then stored in the _____________________ and ____________________. As the concentration of __________________ in the blood drops, _____________________ is converted back into glucose.
Another polysaccharide is __________________ which forms the hard exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans.
3-D MOLECULES ACTIVITY: CARBOHYDRATES